1540 After arranging King Henry VIII's marriage to a German princess, Anne of Cleves, his chief minister Thomas Cromwell hoped that the marriage would breathe fresh life into the Reformation in England, but it turned into a disaster for Cromwell and ended in an annulment six months later. Cromwell was arraigned under a bill of attainder and executed for treason and heresy on Tower Hill on July 28, 1540.
1540 Following his disastrous marriage to Anne of Cleves, Henry VIII had noticed a young lady at court, called Catherine Howard, and thought that she might make a good wife. The gay, high spirited and uninhibited Catherine was a cousin of Anne Boleyn. The couple married on July 28, 1540 and honeymooned at the Palace of the Duchess of Suffolk, at Ewelme, Buckinghamshire. Catherine was beheaded on the grounds of adultery a year and a half after their marriage.
1586 Thomas Harriot was credited with bringing the first potato to Britain on July 28, 1586. The mathematician, astronomer and translator had just returned from Sir Walter Raleigh’s English colony on Roanoke Island in modern-day North Carolina, where he had made detailed studies of the wildlife.
1635 The British polymath Robert Hooke was born on July 28, 1635. When Hooke published his 1665 masterpiece, Micrographia, people were astounded by its depictions of the miniature world. Samuel Pepys called it "the most ingenious book that I ever read in my life". Until then, few people knew that fleas had hairy legs or that plants comprised cells (Hooke coined the term "cell"). Hooke used a hand-crafted, leather and gold-tooled microscope to make the observations for Micrographia,
1683 Princess (later Queen) Anne of Great Britain married Prince George of Denmark on July 28, 1683 in the Chapel Royal. She bore him 17 children. Probably only six were born alive and only one survived infancy - William, Duke of Gloucester, who died of smallpox at the age of 12. Distraught with grief at her constant miscarriages, Anne agreed to the Act of Settlement, which passed the succession from the Stuart to the Hanoveran line.
1716 The last alleged witches hanged in England were Mary Hicks and her daughter Elizabeth. She told authorities that she and 9-year-old Elizabeth had sold their souls to the devil. They were hanged for witchcraft at Huntingdon on July 28, 1716.
1741 Though he was a major influence on the development of the solo concerto, by the end of his life Antonio Vivaldi had been musically sidelined. After meeting the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, Vivaldi moved to Vienna hoping for royal support. However, the Emperor died soon after Vivaldi's arrival and the impoverished Vivaldi had no way to return home. Vivaldi died a poor man on July 28, 1741, aged 63 of "internal infection", in a house owned by the widow of a Viennese saddlemaker.
1750 German composer Johann Sebastian Bach's sight failed in his later years due to his hard work. The famous London based eye surgeon, John Taylor, operated on Bach's failing sight along with Handel's and Edward Gibbon's. All three were unsuccessful. Bach died of a paralytic stroke after his unsuccessful eye operation aged 65 on July 28, 1750. The bones in his grave at St Thomas’s church, Leipzig, may be the wrong ones, after remains were jumbled up by wartime bombing.
1813 Civil engineer James Newlands was born on July 28, 1813. He designed and implemented the world's first integrated sewer system in Liverpool. Before the sewers were built, life expectancy in Liverpool was just 19 years, and by the time Newlands retired it had more than doubled.
1814 A month after 16-year-old Mary Goodwin declared her love for the married Percy Shelley at her mother's graveside in the cemetery of St Pancras Old Church, the pair eloped to France on July 28, 1814 with Mary's stepsister, Clare Clairmont, in tow. Percy was more than satisfied with his new romantic partner. He exulted that Mary was "one who can feel poetry and understand philosophy" - although she, like his wife before her, refused his attempts to share her with his friend Thomas Hogg.
1821 In 1532, a group of Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro defeated the Inca ruler Atahualpa and took over his Empire. Pizarro chose the Rímac valley as the location for the capital of the lands he'd conquered for the Spanish Crown. The capital, Lima, was founded in January 1535. When José de San Martín proclaimed Peruvian independence in Lima on July 28, 1821 following the War of Independence, Lima was chosen as the capital of the new Republic of Peru.
1858 The English first began using fingerprints on July 28, 1858, when on a whim Sir William Herschel, Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor, India, had Rajyadhar Konai, a local businessman, impress his hand print on a contract. The native was suitably impressed, and Herschel made a habit of requiring prints on every contract made with the locals. He later established a fingerprint register.
1863 Hamilton E. Smith of Philadelphia is credited by many with inventing the rotary washing machine. In 1858, he received a patent for cycling reheated water in a washing machine. Three years later Smith received a patent dated July 28, 1863 for the reciprocating mechanism to reverse the movement of the revolving drum in the washing machine.
1866 Helen Beatrix Potter was born on July 28, 1866 at 2 Bolton Gardens, West Brompton, Kensington, London. Beatrix was educated by three able governesses, the last of whom was Annie Moore (née Carter), just three years older than Beatrix. Annie and Beatrix remained friends throughout their lives and Annie's eight children were the recipients of many of Potter's delightful picture letters. It was Annie who later suggested that these letters might make good children's books.
1540 Following his disastrous marriage to Anne of Cleves, Henry VIII had noticed a young lady at court, called Catherine Howard, and thought that she might make a good wife. The gay, high spirited and uninhibited Catherine was a cousin of Anne Boleyn. The couple married on July 28, 1540 and honeymooned at the Palace of the Duchess of Suffolk, at Ewelme, Buckinghamshire. Catherine was beheaded on the grounds of adultery a year and a half after their marriage.
1586 Thomas Harriot was credited with bringing the first potato to Britain on July 28, 1586. The mathematician, astronomer and translator had just returned from Sir Walter Raleigh’s English colony on Roanoke Island in modern-day North Carolina, where he had made detailed studies of the wildlife.
1635 The British polymath Robert Hooke was born on July 28, 1635. When Hooke published his 1665 masterpiece, Micrographia, people were astounded by its depictions of the miniature world. Samuel Pepys called it "the most ingenious book that I ever read in my life". Until then, few people knew that fleas had hairy legs or that plants comprised cells (Hooke coined the term "cell"). Hooke used a hand-crafted, leather and gold-tooled microscope to make the observations for Micrographia,
1683 Princess (later Queen) Anne of Great Britain married Prince George of Denmark on July 28, 1683 in the Chapel Royal. She bore him 17 children. Probably only six were born alive and only one survived infancy - William, Duke of Gloucester, who died of smallpox at the age of 12. Distraught with grief at her constant miscarriages, Anne agreed to the Act of Settlement, which passed the succession from the Stuart to the Hanoveran line.
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| Prince George and Queen Anne by Charles Boit, 1706 |
1716 The last alleged witches hanged in England were Mary Hicks and her daughter Elizabeth. She told authorities that she and 9-year-old Elizabeth had sold their souls to the devil. They were hanged for witchcraft at Huntingdon on July 28, 1716.
1741 Though he was a major influence on the development of the solo concerto, by the end of his life Antonio Vivaldi had been musically sidelined. After meeting the Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI, Vivaldi moved to Vienna hoping for royal support. However, the Emperor died soon after Vivaldi's arrival and the impoverished Vivaldi had no way to return home. Vivaldi died a poor man on July 28, 1741, aged 63 of "internal infection", in a house owned by the widow of a Viennese saddlemaker.
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| Bach's grave in the St. Thomas Church, Leipzig |
1813 Civil engineer James Newlands was born on July 28, 1813. He designed and implemented the world's first integrated sewer system in Liverpool. Before the sewers were built, life expectancy in Liverpool was just 19 years, and by the time Newlands retired it had more than doubled.
1814 A month after 16-year-old Mary Goodwin declared her love for the married Percy Shelley at her mother's graveside in the cemetery of St Pancras Old Church, the pair eloped to France on July 28, 1814 with Mary's stepsister, Clare Clairmont, in tow. Percy was more than satisfied with his new romantic partner. He exulted that Mary was "one who can feel poetry and understand philosophy" - although she, like his wife before her, refused his attempts to share her with his friend Thomas Hogg.
1821 In 1532, a group of Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro defeated the Inca ruler Atahualpa and took over his Empire. Pizarro chose the Rímac valley as the location for the capital of the lands he'd conquered for the Spanish Crown. The capital, Lima, was founded in January 1535. When José de San Martín proclaimed Peruvian independence in Lima on July 28, 1821 following the War of Independence, Lima was chosen as the capital of the new Republic of Peru.
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| José de San Martín proclaiming independence by Juan Lepiani |
1858 The English first began using fingerprints on July 28, 1858, when on a whim Sir William Herschel, Chief Magistrate of the Hooghly district in Jungipoor, India, had Rajyadhar Konai, a local businessman, impress his hand print on a contract. The native was suitably impressed, and Herschel made a habit of requiring prints on every contract made with the locals. He later established a fingerprint register.
1863 Hamilton E. Smith of Philadelphia is credited by many with inventing the rotary washing machine. In 1858, he received a patent for cycling reheated water in a washing machine. Three years later Smith received a patent dated July 28, 1863 for the reciprocating mechanism to reverse the movement of the revolving drum in the washing machine.
1866 Helen Beatrix Potter was born on July 28, 1866 at 2 Bolton Gardens, West Brompton, Kensington, London. Beatrix was educated by three able governesses, the last of whom was Annie Moore (née Carter), just three years older than Beatrix. Annie and Beatrix remained friends throughout their lives and Annie's eight children were the recipients of many of Potter's delightful picture letters. It was Annie who later suggested that these letters might make good children's books.
1866 At the age of 18, Vinnie Ream was appointed the U.S. government's first and youngest commissioned female sculptor on July 28, 1866. She received a commission from the United States government for a statue of Abraham Lincoln.
1868 Show jumping started on July 28, 1868 with the inaugural Dublin Horse Show, the brainchild of hunting enthusiast Lord Howth. On that occasion, there were four days of competition where horses would negotiate the High Leap, the Wide Leap and the Stone Wall. At the time the sport was known as Lepping. Lepping competitions were brought to Britain a year later when a “competition for leaping horses” was included in the program of an Agricultural Hall Society horse show in London.
1896 Miami is the only major city founded by a woman. Citrus grower Julia DeForest Tuttle used the money from her parents' estate to purchase the land on the north side of the Miami River as a building site. On July 28, 1896 its just over 300 male residents voted to incorporate a new city, Miami. Thereafter, Miami steadily grew from a small town with a population of around 700 to the seventh largest metropolis in the United States.
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| Julia Tuttle |
1907 New Hampshire plastics innovator Earl Silas Tupper was born on July 28, 1907. After founding the Tupperware Plastics Company in 1938, Tupper invented the first Tupperware bowls—called Wonderbowls eight years later. Tupper pioneered an innovative sales method, "Tupperware Parties", in which friends and neighbors gathered in a home where Tupperware products were demonstrated and sold.
1910 Albert Einstein's second son Eduard was born on July 28, 1910. Eduard Einstein suffered from schizophrenia and faced significant mental health challenges throughout his life. He spent a considerable portion of his life in psychiatric clinics, including the Burghölzli Psychiatric Clinic in Zurich where he died aged 55.
1914 The First World War was ignited on July 28, 1914 when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. The following day Belgrade was shelled by Austro-Hungarians and most of the subsequent Balkan offensives occurred near the city.
1929 Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, 37th First Lady of the United States, was born Jacqueline Lee Bouvier in Southampton, Long Island on July 28, 1929 to Wall Street stockbroker John "Black Jack" Bouvier III and Janet Norton Lee. When a 12-year-old Jackie toured the White House with her mother and sister, she found it frustrating that there was so little information offered to visitors. So when Jackie eventually moved into the White House herself, she made it her mission to fix this.
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| Six-year-old Bouvier in 1935 |
1933 Singing telegrams were a popular form of entertainment and surprise messaging during the mid-20th century. The basic idea was to have a performer, often dressed in a comical or flamboyant costume, deliver a personalized message to the recipient in the form of a song or musical performance. The New York City-based Postal Telegraph Company introduced the singing telegram in 1933. The first singing telegram was sent on July 28, 1933 to Rudy Vallee on his 32nd birthday.
1945 On July 28, 1945 a plane crashed into the Empire State Building, injuring elevator operator Betty Lou Oliver. When rescuers attempted to lower her on an elevator, the cable snapped, plunging her 75 stories down. She survived the fall and was later found by rescue workers among the rubble. To this day Betty Oliver holds the record for longest survived elevator fall.
1983 Vladimir Putin married Lyudmila Shkrebneva, a flight attendant for the Kaliningrad branch of Aeroflot on July 28, 1983. They had been courting for three years. After Vladimir's rise to political power, Lyudmila maintained a low profile on the Russian political stage, generally avoiding the limelight except as required by protocol and restricting her public role to supportive statements about her husband. The couple publicly announced their divorce based on a mutual decision in June 2013.
1984 The Opening Ceremony of the 1984 Summer Olympics took place at Los Angeles on July 28, 1984. Los Angeles has twice played host to the Summer Olympic Games, in 1932 and in 1984, both times having the Memorial Coliseum as the host stadium.
1996 On July 28, 1996, a man’s body washed up on a trawler in the UK seas. There was no identification on the body except a 25-year-old Rolex Oyster on his wrist. As Rolex maintains such meticulous service records, they were able to ID the victim and ultimately the murderer.
2001 Australian Ian Thorpe became the first swimmer to win six gold medals at a single World Championships in Fukuoka, Japan on July 28, 2001. He won the 200m freestyle, 400m freestyle, 100m butterfly, 200m butterfly, 4x100m freestyle relay, and 4x200m freestyle relay. He acquired the nickname "Thorpedo" because of his speed in swimming.
2013 Indian actor Jagdish Raj died on July 28, 2013. He holds the Guinness record for the most typecast actor. Raj played a police officer in 144 films. He was also a versatile actor who could play a variety of other roles, including lawyers, judges, and politicians.
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