1533 Queen Elizabeth I of England was born on September 7, 1533 at Greenwich Palace to King Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. When Elizabeth was three her mother was executed on charges of adultery and she was declared illegitimate and excluded from succession. Foreign ambassadors talked of Princess Elizabeth's good looks and musical talent. However her father paid little attention to her until Henry’s sixth wife, Catherine Parr brought Elizabeth back to court.
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| The Lady Elizabeth in about 1546, by an unknown artist |
1630 John Winthrop, a puritan lawyer from Suffolk in England founded on September 7, 1630 a large settlement on a peninsula at the mouth of the River Charles in Massachusetts, which was named Boston. He named it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The name also derives from Saint Botolph who was the patron saint of travelers.
1695 The pirate Henry Every became the richest pirate in the world after raiding on September 7, 1695 the 25-ship convoy of Grand Mughal vessels which were making the annual pilgrimage to Mecca. Among them was a treasure laden ship belonging to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. Every stole £600,000 in precious metals and jewels, equivalent to £89.6 million today. A combined bounty of £1,000 was offered by the Privy Council and the East India Company for his capture, but he was never found.
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| Every sells his Jewels, an engraving by Howard Pyle |
1776 According to American colonial reports, Ezra Lee made the world's first submarine attack in the Turtle on September 7, 1776, attempting to attach a time bomb to the hull of HMS Eagle in New York Harbor (no British records of this attack exist).
1785 Impressed by the Sunday school work of Robert Raikes, a Baptist deacon named William Fox called for an association to assist and promote Sunday schools. On September 7, 1785, Fox headed up a meeting at 4 PM at Paul’s Head Tavern in London in which several prominent philanthropists took part. The result was the first Sunday School Society for Britain. Its innovation was to form Sunday schools under volunteer teachers and to focus on Bible studies rather than secular subjects.
1822 On September 7, 1822, Prince Pedro declared the independence of Brazil from Portugal on the shores of the Ipiranga creek in São Paulo. After waging a successful war against his father's kingdom, he was acclaimed the following month as Pedro I, the first Emperor of Brazil. The Monument to Independence in São Paulo's Independence Park is located at the place where then-Prince Pedro proclaimed the independence of Brazil.
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| Prince Pedro declares the Independence of Brazil by Pedro Américo. |
1838 A female heroine was created on September 7, 1838, when lighthouse keeper’s daughter Grace Darling rowed out to sea and saved nine people from a shipwreck on the Farne Islands, off the coast of Northumberland, NE England.
1840 Emily Dickinson started attending Amherst Academy on September 7, 1840. It was a former boys' school that had opened to female students just two years earlier. Dickinson spent seven years at the Academy, taking classes in English and classical literature, Latin, botany, geology, history, "mental philosophy," and arithmetic. Daniel Taggart Fiske, the school's principal at the time, later recalled that Dickinson was "very bright" and "an excellent scholar, of exemplary deportment, faithful in all school duties.”
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| Emily (left) and her brother and sister |
1896 The first successful surgery of the heart, performed without any complications, was by Dr. Ludwig Rehn of Frankfurt, Germany on September 7, 1896. He repaired a stab wound to the right ventricle suffered by 22-year-old gardener Wilhelm Justus.
1901 In 1900 The Boxer Rebellion rose up in north China, led by a group of Chinese citizens who disliked the vast amount of foreign influence that existed in their country. Thousands of Chinese Christian converts plus a number of western missionaries were massacred and burnt alive by the fanatics. The cries of the Boxers, “kill the devils,” could be heard along with the shrieks of the victims and the groans of the dying. The rebellion officially ended on September 7, 1901 with the signing of the Boxer Protocol.
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| Signing of the Boxer Protocol. |
1902 In September 1902, Australia was facing a severe drought, and as a response to this crisis, the Governor-General of Australia at the time, Lord Hopetoun, declared September 7 a day of "humiliation and prayer" for rain. On that day, churches and schools across Australia held special services, and people were encouraged to come together to pray for an end to the drought and for much-needed rainfall. Rain began to fall three days later.
1906 Chapters from My Autobiography are twenty-five pieces of autobiographical work published by Mark Twain in the North American Review between September 7, 1906 and December 1907. Mark Twain declared that he regarded the right way to do an autobiography was talking about whatever interested him at the moment rather than writing it chronologically. From his bed, Twain dictated nearly 2,000 pages of the book to his stenographer over three years.
1909 While test piloting a new French-built Wright biplane on September 7, 1909, Eugene Lefebvre crashed at Juvisy, France when his controls jammed. Lefebvre died, becoming the first pilot in the world to lose his life in a powered heavier-than-air craft.
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| Lefebvre in his Wright Flyer at Reims in 1909 |
1925 Laura Ashley was born Laura Mountney in Dowlais, Merthyr Tydfil, Wales on September 7, 1925. After she married engineer Bernard Ashley they started a business manufacturing furnishing materials and wallpapers with patterns based upon document sources mainly from the 19th century. When Laura Ashley gave up work to have a baby, she experimented with designing and making clothes, and transformed the business into an international chain of boutiques selling clothing, furnishing fabrics, and wallpapers.
1927 American inventor Philo Farnsworth built the first fully functional and complete all-electronic television set using cathode ray tubes. On September 7, 1927, Farnsworth's image dissector camera tube transmitted its first image, a simple straight line, to a receiver in another room of his laboratory at 202 Green Street in San Francisco. Within two years, Farnworth and his colleague Vladimir Zworykin had perfected a new improved television system.
1936 The thylacine now extinct, was the largest known carnivorous marsupial of modern times. It was commonly known as the Tasmanian tiger (because of its striped lower back) or the Tasmanian wolf and was native to continental Australia, Tasmania and New Guinea. The last known Thylacine, called Benjamin, died in Hobart Zoo during the night of September 7, 1936.
1943 Hollywood actress Rita Hayworth married the actor Orson Welles on September 7, 1943, during the run of The Mercury Wonder Show. They struggled in their marriage. Hayworth said that Welles did not want to be tied down and in November 1947, she was granted a divorce that became final the following year.
1961 In June 1961 Kuwait became independent with the end of the British protectorate and the sheikh Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah became Emir of Kuwait. The flag of Kuwait was adopted on September 7, 1961, and officially hoisted 78 days later.
1968 Led Zeppelin played together for the first time in front of a live audience at Gladsaxe Teen Clubs in Gladsaxe, Denmark, on September 7, 1968. They got their name from a fellow musician, who said their band would go down like a "lead balloon." Led Zeppelin performed in Denmark under the name 'The Nobs' because Eva von Zeppelin, granddaughter of the inventor of Zeppelin airships, threatened to sue them otherwise for tarnishing the family name.
1970 Bill Shoemaker's 6,033rd victory on September 7, 1970 set the record for most lifetime wins as a jockey (passing Johnny Longden). Win number 8,833, Shoemaker's last, came at Gulfstream Park, Florida on January 20, 1990 aboard Beau Genius. Shoemaker's own record of 8,833 career victories was broken by Panamanian-born Laffit Pincay Jr.; the record is currently held by Russell Baze.
1979 In the 1970s, a number of factors including the 1973 oil crisis impacted Chrysler's sales. On September 7, 1979, Chrysler Corporation found itself in a dire financial situation and requested a bailout from the United States government. They sought a loan of $1.5 billion to avoid bankruptcy. The government, under President Jimmy Carter, eventually provided Chrysler with financial aid, in the form of loan guarantees, to help the company survive.
1995 The largest wedding reception was in India with a banquet for more than 150,000 guests. It was held on September 7, 1995 when former Tamil Nadu chief minister and movie star Jayalalitha Jayaram hosted a reception banquet at her foster son's wedding in the 20 hectare (50 acre) grounds in Madras, India. The wedding is reported to have cost over 750 million rupees (US$23,299,162).
2005 The Egyptian presidential election that was held on September 7, 2005, was the first allegedly contested presidential election in Egypt's history. Hosni Mubarak, the former President of Egypt, won a fifth consecutive six-year term in office, with official results showing he won 88.6% of the vote.
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